Modern Philosophy

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), a profound English philosopher, stands as one of the most influential figures in political theory, renowned for his uncompromising advocacy of absolute sovereignty.

René Descartes (1596-1650) is widely regarded as the founder of modern philosophy, a pivotal figure whose intellectual journey profoundly reshaped Western thought.

The Northern Renaissance, flourishing in the early sixteenth century in France, England, and Germany, presented a distinct character compared to its Italian counterpart.

The shift from the medieval to the modern mental outlook marks a profound transformation in human thought, characterized primarily by the diminishing authority of the Church and the increasing authority of science.

The Italian Renaissance marks the true beginning of the modern outlook, a vibrant movement that first captivated individuals like Petrarch before spreading to the broader cultivated Italian society in the fifteenth century.

Niccolò Machiavelli (1467-1527), a Florentine statesman and political philosopher, stands as a towering figure of the Renaissance, renowned for his unflinching, scientific, and empirical approach to politics.